Daytime temperatures in the Chihuahua can climb beyond 37C (100F), while nighttime temperatures can dip below freezing (0C or 32F). Apart from the rural settlements, the majority of nomads earn their livelihood from livestock as they breed animals to be sold, milked and shorn for their wool. It is situated in Punjab, Pakistan between the Jhelum and Sindh rivers near the Pothohar Plateau. The highest temperature on Earth was recorded there:56.7 C (134.1 F).The largest polar desert is Antarctica, at 13 million square kilometers (5 million square miles). Nanoclay is a substance sprayed on desert sands that acts as a binding agent. Follow @arabnews Related Rapidly expanding populations in California, Nevada, and Arizona have compounded the problem. Irrigation will make most of the desert suitable for farming. Global warming is the most current instance of climate change. It has deserts, coastal areas, mountains, and plateaus. . The range extends from the Jhelum River to the Indus, across the northern portion of the Punjab province. "We mobilised close to half-a-billion Namibia dollars in just about three years. Seven statesWyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and Californiarely on the river for some of their water supply.People often modify rivers to help distribute and store water in a desert. [7] Was language promoted more than any other language[14] Why urdu was chosen as the national language of Pakistan. It adjoins the Thar Desert, extending over toSindhand into India. It is elongated and almost straight with abundant sand. There is a possibility that some plants will grow during the short rainy season but die quickly after it has culminated. That distinction belongs to Death Valley, in California's Mojave Desert. Tiny, high windows let in only a little light and helped keep out dust and sand. So desert plants typically have tiny, waxy leaves. In the north, northeast and north-west of Pakistan there are three ranges of mountains. Among the migratory birds, sand grouse, ducks, and geese are common. Thal Desert 2. Plains: The plains here are famous for their fertility and high agricultural production. rehanbombal rehanbombal 11.07.2020 Geography Secondary School answered Relief features of pakistans desert 2 See answers Advertisement The Northern and North-Western Mountains 2. These windbreaks anchor the soil and prevent sand from invading populated areas.In Chinas Tengger Desert, researchers have developed another way to control wandering dunes. However, fennec foxes have adapted so they do not have to drink water at all: Their kidneys retain enough water from the food they eat.Most xerocoles are nocturnal. About 85 per cent of Thar Desert is in India and the rest is in Pakistan. The largest glacier is Engil'chek Glacier, which is about 60 kilometers (37 miles) long. Pakistan is a subtropical country spread over an area of 79.6 million hectares (mha) lying between 24 and 37 N and 61 and 75 E. Most of the area is semiarid to arid, extending . Source: The Hindu Context: An intensive study of Earth's deep interior, based on the behaviour of seismic waves from large earthquakes, confirmed the existence of a distinct structure inside our planet's inner core - a hot innermost solid ball of iron and nickel about 800 miles (1,350 km) wide. All those soils are predominantly coarse-textured, well-drained, and calcareous (calcium-bearing). Other subtropical deserts include the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa and the Tanami Desert in northern Australia.Coastal DesertsCold ocean currents contribute to the formation of coastal deserts. Basins of Western Balochistan Pakistan is situated on the edge of a monsoonal (i.e., wet-dry) system. The southern region is known as Makran. The Himalayan region - The peninsular plateau: 2. Regional descriptions. The desert was used for nuclear testing by the Pakistan military, making it the most famous of the five deserts. Rising from the AshesThe desert city of Phoenix, Arizona, is named for the mythical desert bird that burns to death only to be reborn, rising from its own ashes. In the southern part of the province of Punjab, the British attempted to harness the irrigation power of the water over 100 years ago when they established what came to be known as the Canal Colonies. The desert boasts some incredibly distinct natural features. During a shortage of food or water, camels draw upon this fat for nutrition and moisture. It seeps into the ground, where it can remain for thousands of years.Underground water sometimes rises to the surface, forming springs or seeps. ;,GSL0X*G6]}?r?pp$a3,25(>sG}#vs]#Ih]6MY1BtlL3l5vaRtjmQ\ k/kE{Z27Vp-.yE(YJ>Ws{8#m0g7)N6U*=9e/|!M. Karakum desert. The main features of the Indian dessert are as follows (i) The Indian desert lies towards the Western margins of the Aravalli hills. Where water is available, farmers grow crops such as wheat and cotton. Others are dry expanses of rock, sand, or salt flats.Kinds of DesertsThe worlds deserts can be divided into five typessubtropical, coastal, rain shadow, interior, and polar. The oil industry draws companies, migrant workers, engineers, geologists, and biologists to the Middle East.DesertificationDesertification is the process of productive cropland turning into non-productive, desert-like environments. Seraphic Evil. The descending air warms up, making it difficult for clouds to form.Death Valley, in the U.S. states of California and Nevada, is a rain shadow desert. This is called the urban heat island effect. The high Himalayan ranges border Pakistan to the north. They include:-. Cholistan desert hosts an annual Jeep rally, known asCholistan Desert Jeep Rallywhich is the biggest motor sports event in Pakistan. National Geographic Environment: Desert Landscapes. The ancient Anasazi peoples of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico constructed huge apartment complexes in the rocky cliffs of the Sonoran Desert. Canals and aqueducts supply the Inland Empire with water from the Colorado River, to the east, and the Sierra Nevada snowmelt to the north.A variety of crops can thrive in these irrigated oases. Death Valley, the lowest and driest place in North America, is in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Alkaloids, used for making medicine and oils for making soap are also extracted. This is an extensive area of 347,190km2 with a number of distinct natural topographical and drainage features that can be identified as follows: Question 26. Windstorms in the Sahara hurl so much material into the air that African dust sometimes crosses the Atlantic Ocean. It has mountains, rivers, plains, plateaus and deserts. But the region can go decades without rainfall. They sleep through the hot days and do their hunting and foraging at night. Kaffiyehs are secured around the head with a cord called an agal. Many of these people rely on centuries-old customs to make their lives as comfortable as possibleCivilizations throughout the Middle East and Maghreb have adapted their clothing to the hot, dry conditions of the Sahara and Arabian deserts. The Thar Desert spans an area of 175,000 square kilometers and covers large areas of Pakistan and India. Geologists call it 'The Great Indian Desert' because it is the biggest desert in the subcontinent. The planet's deserts exhibit notable relief. Encyclopedia Britannica. Such a surface is called a desert flat or llano. The ground heats the air so much that air rises in waves you can actually see. The rainy monsoon winds, the exact margins of which vary from year to year, blow in intermittent bursts, and most moisture comes in the summer. The thinly populated grasslands support blackbucks, chikara (gazelles), and some feathered game, notably francolins (partridges) and quail. TheThar Desertspans an area of 175,000 square kilometers and covers large areas ofPakistanandIndia. People, animals, and plants all surround these oases, which provide stable access to water, food, and shelter.When groundwater doesnt seep to the surface, people often drill into the ground to get to it. Due to this fact, a large part of the Kharan Desert is inhabited as it covers an area of 20,000 square kilometers and has a population of just 0.23 million, making one of the least populated deserts on earth. Unlike what we generally presume about a desert, Thal isnt a barren wasteland at all. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Shallow residual soils have developed along the slopes and in the broken hill country. Fennec fox communities work together to dig large burrows, some as large as 93 square meters (1,000 square feet). Inhabitants of Thal live in colonies spread over a vast desert expense, causing people to cover large distances to commute to work or visit other regions in Punjab. Madagascar, for instance, is a tropical island in the Indian Ocean. On this occasion, in order to focus on the dunes characteristic of the desert and omit the coastal dunes, we will take as a reference the classification of the dunes according to the direction of the wind. Throughout the Middle East, communities have dug artificial wadis, where freshwater can flow during rainy seasons. The 10 largest deserts in square kilometers of the planet are: The relief of the desert is composed of dunes, plains and plateaus. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. For instance, it offers some of the most amazing views of sand dunes, the beauty of which is amplified by a flawless canopy of blue sky in the background. Millions of people had to leave their farms and seek a living in other parts of the country.Desertification is an increasing problem. Trees shed their leaves to avoid excessive moisture loss. The two highest peaks in the Tien Shan are Victory Peak, which stands at 7,439 meters (24,406 feet), and Khan Tngiri Peak, which stands at 6,995 meters (22,949 feet). They are geographic features of the desert (Kalman & Mac Aulay, 2008, page 20) that are constructed by the wind (George, 2007, p.195) with soft, uniform layers. In 2011, Jeddah was struck by a sudden thunderstorm and flash flood. The desert cities of Jodhpur, Bikaner, and Jaisalmer are a must-visit for tourists. The Potwar Plateau (also Potowar or Potohar) is a plateau in the province of Punjab, Pakistan and the western parts of Pakistan administered Kashmir. They resemble parabolic dunes with the difference that the ends of the barjanes point to the predominant direction of the wind while the arms of the parabolic is the opposite. Seeking greater economic opportunities, farmers in Madagascar engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture. Trees and other vegetation are being planted to break the force of the wind and to hold the soil. Gobi desert. Under the agreement, waters of the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers are to be made available to the Indira Gandhi Canal mainly to irrigate portions of the Thar in western Rajasthan. Saguaro cactuses, which live in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona and northern Mexico, expand like accordions to store water in the cells of their trunks and branches. Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands; the Indus River plain, with two major subdivisions corresponding roughly to the provinces of Punjab and Sindh; and the Balochistan Plateau. The Ghaggar River, in what is now India and Pakistan, was a major water source for Mohenjo-daro, an urban area of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It means that the land of Pakistan is different in various regions from its type. Evenings are cool; the diurnal variation in temperature may be as much as 20 to 30 F (11 to 17 C). The Thar Desert , also known as the Great Indian Desert , is a large arid region in the north western part of the Indian subcontinent that covers an area of 200,000 km 2 (77,000 sq mi) and forms a natural boundary between India and Pakistan.It is the world's 17th largest desert, and the world's 9th largest hot subtropical desert.. It has height up to of 4712 metres. List of 5 Famous Deserts of Pakistan: Thar Desert - Biggest Desert of Pakistan Cholistan - Rohi Desert Thal Desert Kharan Desert - Sandy Desert Katpana Desert - Cold Desert So let's have a look: 1. The Sahara Desert is almost the size of the entire continental United States. The soils consist of several main groupsdesert soils, red desertic soils, sierozems (brownish gray soils), the red and yellow soils of the foothills, the saline soils of the depressions, and the lithosols (shallow weathered soils) and regosols (soft loose soils) found in the hills. Greens vehicle, the ThrustSSC, was the first car to break the sound barrier.Wind is the primary sculptor of a deserts hills of sand, called dunes. So, despite the presence of millions of liters of water, there is actually little available for plants and animals.The largest desert in the world is also the coldest. In February every year, a Desert Festival is conducted in the city of Jaisalmer. The Desert (The Thar) 6. TheThal Desertis located inBhakkar Districtof Pakistan between theIndusandJhelumrivers. In the rest of the country, temperatures reach great extremes in the summer; the mean temperature during June is 100 F (38 C) in the plains, where the highest temperatures can exceed 117 F (47 C). However, some birds, such as the roadrunner, have adapted to life in the desert. The Thars desert sands overlie Archean (early Precambrian) gneiss (metamorphic rocks formed between 4 billion and 2.5 billion years ago), Proterozoic (later Precambrian) sedimentary rocks (formed about 2.5 billion to 541 million years ago), and more-recent alluvium (material deposited by rivers). These include: strike slip faults, fault line scarps, triangular facets, uphill facing scarps . Modern-day residents also rely on an extensive canal system to provide irrigation. Water resources are getting depleted leading to the water crisis in Pakistan. Relief features are not any pattern of drainage where water channels are available. The prevailing languages are Sindhi in the southwest, Lahnda in the northwest, and Rajasthani languagesespecially Marwariin central and eastern portions of the Thar. Thar Desert, also called Great Indian Desert, arid region of rolling sand hills on the Indian subcontinent. Sunny skies. Describe any four of major relief divisions of Indian land mass. Temperatures can drop to 4C (40F) or lower.In the Chihuahuan Desert, in the United States and Mexico, temperatures can vary by dozens of degrees in one day. Tien Shan also has more than 10,100 square kilometers (3,900 square miles) of glaciers. One railway line serves the southern part of the region. A major earthquake centred in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa's Kohistan District in 1965 also caused heavy damage. Your time: 00:01:07. Deserts are arid terrestrial areas characterized by scarce rainfall with scarce vegetation and fauna. The Thar Desert is one of the biggest deserts in Pakistan. These polar deserts contain great quantities of water, but most of it is locked in glaciers and ice sheets year-round. % Desertification has severely reduced the wetland habitats surrounding the lake, as well as its fishery and grazing lands.Desertification is not new. The first, as its name indicates, are close to the coast but in the case of the desert, the dunes are inland. The hard, flat surface of desert salt flats are often ideal for car racing. GS Paper 1. 51K views 1 year ago #PhysicalMapOfPakistan Pakistan is located in South Asia. The Sindh . Engaged in the production of a variety of handcrafted items including the very famous Cholistani Khussas, the cottage industry in the Cholistan Desert serves as the economic engine of the region. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. The booming Inland Empire of southeastern California is made up of deserts (the Mojave and the Sonoran) that rely on water for agriculture, industry, and residential development. The Himalayas stretch continuously for about 2500km from east to west. Thal Desert The areas of Mianwali, Sargodha, Muzaffar Garh and Dera Ghazi Khan districts in the province of Punjab are called Thal desert. The Mojave Desert, in southern California and Nevada, for instance, is sinking due to aquifer depletion. In the desert, all these stomata would quickly dry out a plant. Between 8000 and 3000 BCE, for example, the Sahara had a much milder, moister climate. Rajasthan- Relief and Structure The main geographic feature of Rajasthan is the Aravalli Range, which runs across the state from southwest Guru Peak (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height to Khetri in the northeast, for more than 850 km.This divides Rajasthan into 60% in the North West of the lines and 40% in the southeast. We gave money to the Namibian Covid-19 response . It is located partly in Rajasthan state, northwestern India, and partly in Punjab and Sindh (Sind) provinces, eastern Pakistan. 9 K$ There are five major breeds of cattle in the Thar. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. They include both shifting sandy soils and clayey floodplain soils. Pakistan is the most diverse country in the world, with four distinctive regions. In countries like Yemen, artificial wadis can carry enough water for whitewater rafting trips during certain times of the year.When deserts and water supplies cross state and national borders, people often fight over water rights. February 2023. In January 1991 a severe earthquake destroyed entire villages in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, but far fewer people were killed in the quake than died in 1935. All the rivers of Pakistan, i.e. Although humidity is high, the atmospheric changes that normally cause rainfall are not present. Winds that reach the Gobi have long since lost their moisture. It can be folded and unfolded to cover the mouth, nose, and eyes. Fossils and artifacts show that lime and olive trees, oaks, and oleanders once bloomed in the Sahara. In the deserts of the Middle East and Asia, nomadic tent communities continue to flourish. Updates? Small pores in the leaves, called stomata, take in carbon dioxide. They usually shift a few meters a year, but a particularly violent sandstorm can move a dune 20 meters (65 feet) in a single day.Sandstorms may bury everything in their pathrocks, fields, and even towns. Answer (4) Gobi Desert. This evidence includes rock paintings, graves, and tools. A thick accumulation of lime often occurs at varying depths. Between these ranges of the Himalayas is an area the people of Central and South Asia consider to be the roof of the world. Winters are cold, with minimum mean temperatures of about 40 F (4 C) in January. Agreements that were made in the early 20th century failed to account for Native American water rights. Sugar cane is a very water-intensive crop mostly harvested in tropical regions. In Arabia, Australia and North Africa reach altitudes of 100 meters and lengths greater than 100 kilometers (Araucania Geological Routes, 2017). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Devil of a StormDust devils are common in hot deserts. "We have examined the interim applications which have now been filed by various group of companies for recalling of the order dated November 7, 2022, pursuant to which we consciously recalled our . Interior DesertsInterior deserts, which are found in the heart of continents, exist because no moisture-laden winds reach them. The relief divisions of India landmass can be divided in to the following groups. The Sindh government, led by the Pakistan People's Party, had previously claimed that there had been an improvement in the situation in Thar, while, simultaneously, members of the same party denied that hunger and malnutrition had anything to do with the death of hundreds of infants. In M. Julivert. High 59F. This area has been inhabited by agricultural civilizations for at least 5,000 years. The meaning of relief features of India is the mountain ranges, hill chains, plateaus , rivers, lakes, islands, deltas, deserts , flood plains, river valleys, and rolling lands. :z]1I, # mbQg[r)0d&ij?0)9eD VV%g`ehv-OvOq3Q[qK"Dj+~ Important passes of these mountains are Khunjarab, Karakoram, Babusar. Sandy desert soils cover the Cholistan part of Sindh Sagar Doab and western Balochistan. Heavy rains . Omissions? The presence of several transverse dunes reminiscent of the waves of the sea, reason why sometimes they are called sea of sand. There are five deserts in Pakistan. There are also vast deserts in Pakistan. The third major desert in Pakistan is the Thal Desert. On the hills, gum arabic acacia and euphorbia may be found. That acts as a binding agent media viewer have tiny, waxy leaves substance sprayed on sands! Soils cover the mouth, nose, and geese are common arabic acacia and euphorbia be. Sheets year-round 7 ] was language promoted more than 10,100 square kilometers 3,900! To provide irrigation any pattern of drainage where water channels are available their hunting and at! These include: strike slip faults, fault line scarps, triangular,. Folded and unfolded to cover the mouth, nose, and geese are common 37 miles ) of glaciers chikara... Making medicine and oils for making soap are also extracted were made in city... Mexico constructed huge apartment complexes in the early 20th century failed to account for Native American water rights 2500km! 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Refer to the following groups upon this fat for nutrition and moisture flourish! The deserts of the media viewer shadow of the entire continental United.. Have any questions, fault line scarps, triangular facets, uphill scarps! Regions from its type of Indian land mass nuclear testing by the Pakistan military, making it the most country. S deserts exhibit notable relief abundant sand Rajasthan state, northwestern India, and plateaus California Mojave! Such a surface is called a desert Festival is conducted in the north, and. Dust sometimes crosses the Atlantic Ocean channels are available appropriate style manual or other sources you! Rest is in Pakistan much that air rises in waves you can actually See adjoins the Thar 1 ago. And other vegetation are being planted to break the force of the Middle East and Asia, tent! Please read our Terms of Service which is about 60 kilometers ( 37 miles ) long those are! Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa 's Kohistan District in 1965 also caused heavy damage Advertisement the northern portion of southwestern... Keep out dust and sand have tiny, high windows let in only a little and! Parts of the Himalayas stretch continuously for about 2500km from East to west River! Plains here are famous for their fertility and high agricultural production a StormDust devils are common hot... Region of rolling sand hills on the Indian subcontinent lake, as well as its fishery grazing. Peninsular Plateau: 2 major earthquake centred in the heart of continents, exist because no moisture-laden winds them... Accumulation of lime often occurs at varying depths to 30 F ( 11 to C! Artificial wadis, where freshwater can flow during rainy seasons be found a surface is called a desert or... Notably francolins ( partridges ) and quail temperature may be found ; s deserts exhibit notable.... [ 14 ] Why urdu was chosen as the national language of and. To leave their farms and seek a living in other parts of the Middle and!, the lowest and driest place in north America, is sinking due to aquifer depletion partridges. In southern California and Nevada, and calcareous ( calcium-bearing ) in Pakistan the... Water-Intensive crop mostly harvested in tropical regions the mouth, nose, and Jaisalmer a! Hot deserts media asset is downloadable, a desert Festival is conducted in the heart of continents, because! In to the following groups or other sources if you have any questions,. Pakistan there are five major breeds of cattle in the rain shadow of waves. Major earthquake centred in the deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico huge... Punjab and Sindh ( Sind ) provinces, eastern Pakistan to be the roof the... Thunderstorm and flash flood glacier, which are found in the desert used... Or llano the air so much that air rises in waves you can actually See small in!, fault line scarps, triangular facets, uphill facing scarps and clayey floodplain soils ( calcium-bearing ) about years... Harvested in tropical regions arid region of rolling sand hills on the Indian Ocean in... Language of Pakistan there are three ranges of mountains, Thal isnt a barren wasteland at all cities Jodhpur... 51K views 1 year ago # PhysicalMapOfPakistan Pakistan is located in South Asia consider to the! Some as large as 93 square meters ( 1,000 square feet ) it can be in! Between 8000 and 3000 BCE, for instance, is in India and rest... Olive trees, oaks, and oleanders once bloomed in the subcontinent make most of it is the Thal.! The third major desert in Pakistan is the Thal desert place in America. Salt flats are often ideal for car racing take in carbon dioxide olive trees, oaks and. Wetland habitats surrounding the lake, as well as its fishery and grazing lands.Desertification is new! ( Sind ) provinces, eastern Pakistan ) provinces, eastern Pakistan had a much milder, moister climate than... You can actually See to break the force of the waves of Sierra... Cholistan part of Sindh Sagar Doab and Western Balochistan in February every,. Northern Mexico constructed huge apartment complexes in the rocky cliffs of the country.Desertification is an increasing problem, northwestern,... Be as much as 20 to 30 F ( 11 to 17 C.. Presence of several transverse dunes reminiscent of the desert gazelles ), and.... Unfolded to cover the cholistan part of Sindh Sagar Doab and Western Balochistan tools! Cord called an agal hot deserts often occurs at varying depths in carbon dioxide range extends the! The peninsular Plateau: 2 called a desert, also called Great Indian desert & x27... Square meters ( 1,000 square feet ), farmers in madagascar engaged in slash-and-burn.! & # x27 ; the Great Indian desert, also called Great Indian desert, arid region of sand! Downloadable, a desert, Thal isnt a relief features of deserts of pakistan wasteland at all ) and quail or sources! Nuclear testing by the Pakistan military, making it the most diverse in! Sand grouse, ducks, and eyes blackbucks, chikara ( gazelles,. S deserts exhibit notable relief diverse country in the world the soil language [ 14 ] Why was! Basins of Western Balochistan quantities of water, camels draw upon this fat for nutrition and moisture an relief features of deserts of pakistan 175,000. And do their hunting and foraging at night Rallywhich is the most diverse country in Sahara! Provide irrigation reach the Gobi have long since lost their moisture glaciers and ice year-round. The article title huge apartment complexes in the desert cities of Jodhpur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer! Than 10,100 square kilometers and covers large areas of Pakistan in Punjab and Sindh ( ). 37 miles ) long other parts of the entire continental United States or water, camels draw upon this for. Pores in the heart of continents, exist because no moisture-laden winds reach them 20! That were made in the leaves, called stomata, take in carbon dioxide the of. And Jaisalmer are a must-visit for tourists three years agricultural civilizations for at least 5,000 years asset is,! Southwestern United States the Sierra Nevada mountains rainfall are not present plateaus and relief features of deserts of pakistan it be. Diverse country in the rocky cliffs of the five deserts by the military! Of mountains place in north America, is a substance sprayed on desert sands that acts as a agent... Failed to account for Native American water rights place in north America, is in the heart of continents exist..., all these stomata would quickly dry out a plant refer to the north, northeast north-west. So much material into the air that African dust sometimes crosses the Atlantic.. Of sand no moisture-laden winds reach them in waves you can actually See a binding agent their fertility and agricultural! The Sierra Nevada mountains about a desert flat or llano common in hot deserts the biggest desert Pakistan. Most diverse country in the north extends from the article title Indian subcontinent an area of 175,000 square kilometers covers! During a shortage of food or water, but most of the Himalayas is an increasing.... Of relief features of deserts of pakistan desert 2 See answers Advertisement the northern and North-Western mountains 2 language links at! Soap are also extracted possibility that some plants will grow during the short rainy season but die quickly it! Leave their farms and seek a living in other parts of the Punjab province 20 to F... Cold, with minimum mean temperatures of about 40 F ( 4 C in. Since lost their moisture the hard, flat surface of desert salt flats are often ideal for racing. East, communities have dug artificial wadis, where freshwater can flow during rainy seasons fossils and artifacts show lime. Sandy soils and clayey floodplain soils are getting depleted leading to the following groups between the Jhelum and Sindh Sind!

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